On April 16, 2024, the Ontario Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal of three physicians, Dr. Ivan Radovanovic (“Dr. Radovanovic”), Dr. Vitor Mendes Pereira (“Dr. Pereira”), and Dr. Karel ter Brugge (“Dr. ter Brugge”), challenging a trial judgment against them for failure to obtain informed consent from their patient, Michael Denman (“Mr. Denman”). Mr. Denman, 54, experienced a catastrophic brain injury during a third embolization procedure in June 2015, leaving him with left-sided paralysis. Damages were settled before trial at $8.5 million. The appellants were physicians at Toronto Western Hospital (TWH), who were involved in Mr. Denman’s treatment plan for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM).